Monte Carlo track simulations

Monte Carlo track structure simulations follow the primary as well as all produced secondary particles event-by-event, from starting or ejection energy down to total stopping. Simulation codes require both transport models and reliable interaction cross sections for the primary and secondary particles with the material under consideration. In general, charged particles can scatter elastically (they change direction, but do not lose energy) and can ionize or excite the target material. In addition, if the primary particle is an ion, i.e., an atomic system, it can change its charge state by electron capture and electron loss at low energy as it slows down. Different charge states of the same atom will have different ionization and excitation probabilities.